{ "engine": "CockroachDB CCL v26.2.8, Linux aarch64", "topology": "one node, single-node mode", "resource_limits": { "container_memory": "1536MiB", "cpus": 2, "sql_memory": "256MiB", "cache": "64MiB", "store": "1GiB", "disk_temp": "128MiB" }, "verifier_sha256": "3947412670c12ac297e41fa6d9822e363432edf5224520a9a4f91eedcb61c67b", "raw_results_sha256": "95a53168ebad3d32b6ce807ed90bd341b23c57b6667bd549d23202bc6d9712ed", "data_model": { "core_orders": 3, "generated_orders": 120000, "generated_ids": "100001\u2013220000", "seed": 20261025, "day_offset": "(37*n + seed) mod 365", "customer": "1001 if n mod 10 < 7, otherwise 1002 + (17*n + seed) mod 999", "status": "paid when (53*n+seed) mod 100 is below90 for October offsets273\u2013303 or below10 otherwise; pending otherwise", "native_projection": "order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status only; no generated stock/payments inferred", "date_base": "2026-01-01 00:00:00+00", "n": "0 through119999" }, "comparison": "All four indexes declared inside CREATE TABLE before loading; explicit path hints compare mechanisms. All eight customer/bound/status combinations return equal ordered results through all four paths. No ordinary repetitions, write-load test or distributed cluster run.", "observations": { "schema": [ { "table_name": "orders", "create_statement": "CREATE TABLE public.orders (\n\torder_id INT8 NOT NULL,\n\tcustomer_id INT8 NOT NULL,\n\tplaced_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL,\n\tstatus STRING NOT NULL,\n\tcrdb_internal_customer_id_order_id_placed_at_shard_4 INT8 NOT VISIBLE NOT NULL AS (mod(fnv32(md5(crdb_internal.datums_to_bytes(customer_id, order_id, placed_at))), 4:::INT8)) VIRTUAL,\n\tcrdb_internal_customer_id_shard_4 INT8 NOT VISIBLE NOT NULL AS (mod(fnv32(md5(crdb_internal.datums_to_bytes(customer_id))), 4:::INT8)) VIRTUAL,\n\tCONSTRAINT orders_pkey PRIMARY KEY (order_id ASC),\n\tINDEX orders_history (customer_id ASC, placed_at DESC, order_id DESC),\n\tINDEX orders_history_cover (customer_id ASC, placed_at DESC, order_id DESC) STORING (status),\n\tINDEX orders_history_hash (customer_id ASC, placed_at DESC, order_id DESC) USING HASH STORING (status) WITH (bucket_count=4),\n\tINDEX orders_history_prefix (customer_id ASC, placed_at DESC, order_id DESC) USING HASH STORING (status) WITH (bucket_count=4, shard_columns=(customer_id))\n) WITH (schema_locked = true);" } ], "counts": [ { "count": "120003" } ], "uncovered": [ { "info": "planning time: 434\u00b5s" }, { "info": "execution time: 548\u00b5s" }, { "info": "distribution: local" }, { "info": "vectorized: true" }, { "info": "plan type: custom" }, { "info": "rows decoded from KV: 20 (757 B, 20 KVs, 2 gRPC calls)" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent in KV: 449\u00b5s" }, { "info": "maximum memory usage: 70 KiB" }, { "info": "DistSQL network usage: 0 B (0 messages)" }, { "info": "kv cpu time: 504\u00b5s" }, { "info": "sql cpu time: 36\u00b5s" }, { "info": "isolation level: serializable" }, { "info": "priority: normal" }, { "info": "quality of service: regular" }, { "info": "" }, { "info": "\u2022 project" }, { "info": "\u2502 columns: (order_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": "\u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": "\u2502" }, { "info": "\u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 index join (streamer)" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV time: 324\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV bytes read: 307 B" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated max memory allocated: 40 KiB" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated max sql temp disk usage: 0 B" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql cpu time: 28\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 MVCC step count (ext/int): 0/0" }, { "info": " \u2502 MVCC seek count (ext/int): 10/10" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated row count: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 table: orders@orders_pkey" }, { "info": " \u2502 key columns: order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 parallel" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at)" }, { "info": " ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " KV time: 126\u00b5s" }, { "info": " KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " KV bytes read: 450 B" }, { "info": " KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " sql cpu time: 8\u00b5s" }, { "info": " MVCC step count (ext/int): 20/32" }, { "info": " MVCC seek count (ext/int): 2/2" }, { "info": " actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " estimated row count: 10 (<0.01% of the table; stats collected 0 seconds ago)" }, { "info": " table: orders@orders_history" }, { "info": " spans: /1001-/1001/2026-09-30T23:59:59.999999999Z" }, { "info": " limit: 10" } ], "covered": [ { "info": "planning time: 292\u00b5s" }, { "info": "execution time: 141\u00b5s" }, { "info": "distribution: local" }, { "info": "vectorized: true" }, { "info": "plan type: custom" }, { "info": "rows decoded from KV: 10 (537 B, 10 KVs, 1 gRPC calls)" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent in KV: 98\u00b5s" }, { "info": "maximum memory usage: 20 KiB" }, { "info": "DistSQL network usage: 0 B (0 messages)" }, { "info": "kv cpu time: 61\u00b5s" }, { "info": "sql cpu time: 7\u00b5s" }, { "info": "isolation level: serializable" }, { "info": "priority: normal" }, { "info": "quality of service: regular" }, { "info": "" }, { "info": "\u2022 project" }, { "info": "\u2502 columns: (order_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": "\u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": "\u2502" }, { "info": "\u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " KV time: 98\u00b5s" }, { "info": " KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " KV bytes read: 537 B" }, { "info": " KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " sql cpu time: 7\u00b5s" }, { "info": " MVCC step count (ext/int): 20/32" }, { "info": " MVCC seek count (ext/int): 2/2" }, { "info": " actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " estimated row count: 10 (<0.01% of the table; stats collected 0 seconds ago)" }, { "info": " table: orders@orders_history_cover" }, { "info": " spans: /1001-/1001/2026-09-30T23:59:59.999999999Z" }, { "info": " limit: 10" } ], "results": { "1001-2026-01-01-false": [ { "order_id": "219823", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "219093", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "218363", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "217633", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "216903", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "216173", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "215443", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "214713", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "213983", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "213253", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" } ], "1001-2026-01-01-true": [ { "order_id": "219093", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "211793", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "204493", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "197193", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "189893", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "182593", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "175293", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "167993", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "160693", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "153393", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" } ], "1001-2026-10-01-false": [ { "order_id": "219823", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "219093", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "218363", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "217633", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "216903", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "216173", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "215443", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "214713", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "213983", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "213253", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" } ], "1001-2026-10-01-true": [ { "order_id": "219093", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "211793", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "204493", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "197193", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "189893", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "182593", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "175293", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "167993", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "160693", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "153393", "placed_at": "2026-12-31T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" } ], "1002-2026-01-01-false": [ { "order_id": "174908", "placed_at": "2026-12-21T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "133949", "placed_at": "2026-12-18T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "144938", "placed_at": "2026-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "103979", "placed_at": "2026-11-28T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "114968", "placed_at": "2026-11-11T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "192890", "placed_at": "2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "203879", "placed_at": "2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "162920", "placed_at": "2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "214868", "placed_at": "2026-09-17T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "173909", "placed_at": "2026-09-14T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" } ], "1002-2026-01-01-true": [ { "order_id": "192890", "placed_at": "2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "203879", "placed_at": "2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "162920", "placed_at": "2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "172910", "placed_at": "2026-06-08T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "153929", "placed_at": "2026-05-02T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "104978", "placed_at": "2026-03-06T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "204878", "placed_at": "2026-01-10T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" } ], "1002-2026-10-01-false": [ { "order_id": "174908", "placed_at": "2026-12-21T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "133949", "placed_at": "2026-12-18T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "144938", "placed_at": "2026-12-01T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "103979", "placed_at": "2026-11-28T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "114968", "placed_at": "2026-11-11T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "pending" }, { "order_id": "192890", "placed_at": "2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "203879", "placed_at": "2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "162920", "placed_at": "2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" } ], "1002-2026-10-01-true": [ { "order_id": "192890", "placed_at": "2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "203879", "placed_at": "2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" }, { "order_id": "162920", "placed_at": "2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z", "status": "paid" } ] }, "automatic": [ { "info": "project" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 columns: order_id:1 placed_at:3 status:4" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 cardinality: [0 - 10]" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 stats: [rows=10]" }, { "info": " \u2502 virtcolstats: (5,6)" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 cost: 21.27" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 key: (1)" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 fd: (1)-->(3,4)" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 ordering: -3,-1" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 prune: (1,3,4)" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 interesting orderings: (-3,-1)" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 scan orders@orders_history_cover" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 columns: order_id:1 customer_id:2 placed_at:3 status:4" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 constraint: /2/-3/-1: [/1001 - /1001/'2026-10-01 00:00:00+00']" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 limit: 10" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 stats: [rows=10]" }, { "info": " \u2502 virtcolstats: (5,6)" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 cost: 21.16" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 key: (1)" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 fd: ()-->(2), (1)-->(3,4)" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 ordering: -3,-1 opt(2) [actual: -3,-1]" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 interesting orderings: (-3,-1 opt(2))" } ], "hashPlan": [ { "info": "planning time: 510\u00b5s" }, { "info": "execution time: 261ms" }, { "info": "distribution: local" }, { "info": "vectorized: true" }, { "info": "plan type: custom" }, { "info": "rows decoded from KV: 40 (2.1 KiB, 40 KVs, 4 gRPC calls)" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent in KV: 260ms" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent due to contention: 4ms" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent waiting to acquire latches: 4ms" }, { "info": "maximum memory usage: 110 KiB" }, { "info": "DistSQL network usage: 0 B (0 messages)" }, { "info": "kv cpu time: 57ms" }, { "info": "sql cpu time: 53\u00b5s" }, { "info": "isolation level: serializable" }, { "info": "priority: normal" }, { "info": "quality of service: regular" }, { "info": "" }, { "info": "\u2022 project" }, { "info": "\u2502 columns: (order_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": "\u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": "\u2502" }, { "info": "\u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 limit" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 count: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 union all" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 4" }, { "info": " \u2502 execution time: 2\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql cpu time: 3\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated row count: 40" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 \u2022 union all" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 vectorized batch count: 3" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 execution time: 1\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 sql cpu time: 1\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 actual row count: 7" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 estimated row count: 20" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 KV time: 101ms" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 KV contention time: 931\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 KV latch wait time: 931\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 KV bytes read: 550 B" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 sql cpu time: 12\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 MVCC step count (ext/int): 10,010/10,017" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 MVCC seek count (ext/int): 3/3" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 estimated row count: 10 (<0.01% of the table; stats collected 1 second ago)" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 table: orders@orders_history_hash" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 spans: /0/1001-/0/1001/2026-09-30T23:59:59.999999999Z" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502 limit: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV time: 70ms" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV contention time: 1ms" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV latch wait time: 1ms" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV bytes read: 541 B" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql cpu time: 14\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 MVCC step count (ext/int): 10,010/10,018" }, { "info": " \u2502 MVCC seek count (ext/int): 3/3" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated row count: 10 (<0.01% of the table; stats collected 1 second ago)" }, { "info": " \u2502 table: orders@orders_history_hash" }, { "info": " \u2502 spans: /1/1001-/1/1001/2026-09-30T23:59:59.999999999Z" }, { "info": " \u2502 limit: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 union all" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 4" }, { "info": " \u2502 execution time: 1\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql cpu time: 1\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 15" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated row count: 20" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u251c\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " \u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV time: 45ms" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV contention time: 629\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV latch wait time: 629\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV bytes read: 550 B" }, { "info": " \u2502 KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql cpu time: 10\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 MVCC step count (ext/int): 10,010/10,012" }, { "info": " \u2502 MVCC seek count (ext/int): 3/3" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated row count: 10 (<0.01% of the table; stats collected 1 second ago)" }, { "info": " \u2502 table: orders@orders_history_hash" }, { "info": " \u2502 spans: /2/1001-/2/1001/2026-09-30T23:59:59.999999999Z" }, { "info": " \u2502 limit: 10" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " KV time: 45ms" }, { "info": " KV contention time: 1ms" }, { "info": " KV latch wait time: 1ms" }, { "info": " KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " KV bytes read: 547 B" }, { "info": " KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " sql cpu time: 13\u00b5s" }, { "info": " MVCC step count (ext/int): 10,010/10,019" }, { "info": " MVCC seek count (ext/int): 3/3" }, { "info": " actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " estimated row count: 10 (<0.01% of the table; stats collected 1 second ago)" }, { "info": " table: orders@orders_history_hash" }, { "info": " spans: /3/1001-/3/1001/2026-09-30T23:59:59.999999999Z" }, { "info": " limit: 10" } ], "prefixPlan": [ { "info": "planning time: 469\u00b5s" }, { "info": "execution time: 167ms" }, { "info": "distribution: local" }, { "info": "vectorized: true" }, { "info": "plan type: custom" }, { "info": "rows decoded from KV: 10 (547 B, 10 KVs, 1 gRPC calls)" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent in KV: 167ms" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent due to contention: 2ms" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent waiting to acquire latches: 2ms" }, { "info": "maximum memory usage: 20 KiB" }, { "info": "DistSQL network usage: 0 B (0 messages)" }, { "info": "kv cpu time: 39ms" }, { "info": "sql cpu time: 13\u00b5s" }, { "info": "isolation level: serializable" }, { "info": "priority: normal" }, { "info": "quality of service: regular" }, { "info": "" }, { "info": "\u2022 project" }, { "info": "\u2502 columns: (order_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": "\u2502 ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": "\u2502" }, { "info": "\u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " columns: (order_id, customer_id, placed_at, status)" }, { "info": " ordering: -placed_at,-order_id" }, { "info": " sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " KV time: 167ms" }, { "info": " KV contention time: 2ms" }, { "info": " KV latch wait time: 2ms" }, { "info": " KV rows decoded: 10" }, { "info": " KV pairs read: 10" }, { "info": " KV bytes read: 547 B" }, { "info": " KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " sql cpu time: 13\u00b5s" }, { "info": " MVCC step count (ext/int): 10,010/10,010" }, { "info": " MVCC seek count (ext/int): 3/3" }, { "info": " actual row count: 10" }, { "info": " estimated row count: 10 (<0.01% of the table; stats collected 1 second ago)" }, { "info": " table: orders@orders_history_prefix" }, { "info": " spans: /3/1001-/3/1001/2026-09-30T23:59:59.999999999Z" }, { "info": " limit: 10" } ], "indexes": [ { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "1", "column_name": "customer_id", "definition": "customer_id", "direction": "ASC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "2", "column_name": "placed_at", "definition": "placed_at", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "3", "column_name": "order_id", "definition": "order_id", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_cover", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "1", "column_name": "customer_id", "definition": "customer_id", "direction": "ASC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_cover", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "2", "column_name": "placed_at", "definition": "placed_at", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_cover", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "3", "column_name": "order_id", "definition": "order_id", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_cover", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "4", "column_name": "status", "definition": "status", "direction": "N/A", "storing": true, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_hash", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "1", "column_name": "crdb_internal_customer_id_order_id_placed_at_shard_4", "definition": "crdb_internal_customer_id_order_id_placed_at_shard_4", "direction": "ASC", "storing": false, "implicit": true, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_hash", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "2", "column_name": "customer_id", "definition": "customer_id", "direction": "ASC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_hash", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "3", "column_name": "placed_at", "definition": "placed_at", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_hash", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "4", "column_name": "order_id", "definition": "order_id", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_hash", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "5", "column_name": "status", "definition": "status", "direction": "N/A", "storing": true, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_prefix", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "1", "column_name": "crdb_internal_customer_id_shard_4", "definition": "crdb_internal_customer_id_shard_4", "direction": "ASC", "storing": false, "implicit": true, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_prefix", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "2", "column_name": "customer_id", "definition": "customer_id", "direction": "ASC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_prefix", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "3", "column_name": "placed_at", "definition": "placed_at", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_prefix", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "4", "column_name": "order_id", "definition": "order_id", "direction": "DESC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_history_prefix", "non_unique": true, "seq_in_index": "5", "column_name": "status", "definition": "status", "direction": "N/A", "storing": true, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_pkey", "non_unique": false, "seq_in_index": "1", "column_name": "order_id", "definition": "order_id", "direction": "ASC", "storing": false, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_pkey", "non_unique": false, "seq_in_index": "2", "column_name": "customer_id", "definition": "customer_id", "direction": "N/A", "storing": true, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_pkey", "non_unique": false, "seq_in_index": "3", "column_name": "placed_at", "definition": "placed_at", "direction": "N/A", "storing": true, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 }, { "table_name": "orders", "index_name": "orders_pkey", "non_unique": false, "seq_in_index": "4", "column_name": "status", "definition": "status", "direction": "N/A", "storing": true, "implicit": false, "visible": true, "visibility": 1 } ], "ranges": [ { "start_key": "", "end_key": "", "range_id": "83", "range_size_mb": "35.648756000000000000", "lease_holder": "1", "lease_holder_locality": "", "replicas": [ "1" ], "replica_localities": [ "" ], "voting_replicas": [ "1" ], "non_voting_replicas": [], "learner_replicas": [], "split_enforced_until": null, "range_size": "35648756", "span_stats": { "approximate_disk_bytes": 10854945, "intent_bytes": 0, "intent_count": 0, "key_bytes": 17520437, "key_count": 600016, "live_bytes": 35648756, "live_count": 600016, "sys_bytes": 468, "sys_count": 7, "val_bytes": 18128319, "val_count": 600016 } } ], "indexRanges": [ { "range_id": "83", "start_key": "", "end_key": "", "lease_holder": "1", "replicas": [ "1" ] } ], "hotRangesSchemaError": "relation \"crdb_internal.hot_ranges\" does not exist", "contentionSchema": [ { "column_name": "range_id", "data_type": "INT8", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "table_id", "data_type": "INT8", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "database_name", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "schema_name", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "table_name", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "index_name", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "lock_key", "data_type": "BYTES", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "lock_key_pretty", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "txn_id", "data_type": "UUID", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "ts", "data_type": "TIMESTAMP", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "lock_strength", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "durability", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "granted", "data_type": "BOOL", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "contended", "data_type": "BOOL", "is_nullable": false, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "duration", "data_type": "INTERVAL", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false }, { "column_name": "isolation_level", "data_type": "STRING", "is_nullable": true, "column_default": null, "generation_expression": "", "indices": [], "is_hidden": false } ], "locks": [ { "range_id": "83", "table_id": "108", "database_name": "sc_crdb_performance", "schema_name": "public", "table_name": "products", "index_name": "", "lock_key": { "type": "Buffer", "data": [ 244, 137, 18, 80, 55, 0, 1, 136 ] }, "lock_key_pretty": "/Table/108/1/\"P7\"/0", "txn_id": "5137f729-da71-440c-872e-5cbf3768d122", "ts": "2026-10-26T00:27:12.968Z", "lock_strength": "Exclusive", "durability": "Unreplicated", "granted": true, "contended": true, "duration": { "milliseconds": 313.786 }, "isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE" }, { "range_id": "83", "table_id": "108", "database_name": "sc_crdb_performance", "schema_name": "public", "table_name": "products", "index_name": "", "lock_key": { "type": "Buffer", "data": [ 244, 137, 18, 80, 55, 0, 1, 136 ] }, "lock_key_pretty": "/Table/108/1/\"P7\"/0", "txn_id": "d6616a89-e3ec-4575-adb5-baac178a061d", "ts": "2026-10-26T00:27:12.969Z", "lock_strength": "None", "durability": "Unreplicated", "granted": false, "contended": true, "duration": { "milliseconds": 311.141 }, "isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE" } ], "contention": [ { "info": "planning time: 195\u00b5s" }, { "info": "execution time: 317ms" }, { "info": "distribution: local" }, { "info": "vectorized: true" }, { "info": "plan type: custom" }, { "info": "rows decoded from KV: 1 (15 B, 1 KVs, 1 gRPC calls)" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent in KV: 313ms" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent due to contention: 313ms" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent in the lock table: 313ms" }, { "info": "cumulative time spent waiting in admission control: 0\u00b5s" }, { "info": "maximum memory usage: 60 KiB" }, { "info": "DistSQL network usage: 0 B (0 messages)" }, { "info": "kv cpu time: 522\u00b5s" }, { "info": "isolation level: serializable" }, { "info": "priority: normal" }, { "info": "quality of service: regular" }, { "info": "" }, { "info": "\u2022 project" }, { "info": "\u2502 columns: (stock)" }, { "info": "\u2502" }, { "info": "\u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 update" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (product_id, stock)" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 execution time: 2ms" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated row count: 1 (missing stats)" }, { "info": " \u2502 table: products" }, { "info": " \u2502 set: stock" }, { "info": " \u2502 auto commit" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 render" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (product_id, stock, stock_new, check1)" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 execution time: 4\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 render check1: stock_new >= 0" }, { "info": " \u2502 render product_id: product_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 render stock: stock" }, { "info": " \u2502 render stock_new: stock_new" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 render" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (stock_new, product_id, stock)" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 execution time: 2ms" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 render stock_new: stock - 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 render product_id: product_id" }, { "info": " \u2502 render stock: stock" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 filter" }, { "info": " \u2502 columns: (product_id, stock)" }, { "info": " \u2502 sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " \u2502 vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 execution time: 17\u00b5s" }, { "info": " \u2502 actual row count: 1" }, { "info": " \u2502 estimated row count: 1 (missing stats)" }, { "info": " \u2502 filter: stock >= 1" }, { "info": " \u2502" }, { "info": " \u2514\u2500\u2500 \u2022 scan" }, { "info": " columns: (product_id, stock)" }, { "info": " sql nodes: n1" }, { "info": " kv nodes: n1" }, { "info": " vectorized batch count: 1" }, { "info": " KV time: 313ms" }, { "info": " KV contention time: 313ms" }, { "info": " KV lock wait time: 313ms" }, { "info": " KV rows decoded: 1" }, { "info": " KV pairs read: 1" }, { "info": " KV bytes read: 15 B" }, { "info": " KV gRPC calls: 1" }, { "info": " estimated max memory allocated: 20 KiB" }, { "info": " MVCC step count (ext/int): 0/0" }, { "info": " MVCC seek count (ext/int): 1/1" }, { "info": " actual row count: 1" }, { "info": " estimated row count: 1 (missing stats)" }, { "info": " table: products@products_pkey" }, { "info": " spans: /\"P7\"/0" } ], "finalStock": [ { "product_id": "P3", "stock": "12" }, { "product_id": "P7", "stock": "0" }, { "product_id": "P9", "stock": "4" } ] }, "client": "Node pg 8.23.1", "timestamp_limit": "The lock-view ts column is TIMESTAMP without a time zone. Its JSON form is the client Date serialisation, not an independently verified UTC event time. This article uses key, transaction identity, grant state and durations, not absolute lock timestamps." }